STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR TUNNELING-2006: Cut-and-Cover Tunnels

目次

1. GENERAL
1.1 General Provisions
[ 1] Scope of Application 
[ 2] Definitions of Special Terms 
[ 3] Related Laws and Regulations 
[ 4] Selection of Cut-and-Cover Method and Study of Procedures
1.2 Investigation
[ 5] Purposes of Investigation 
[ 6] Investigation of Site Conditions 
[ 7] Investigation of Obstacles 
[ 8] Studies of Geological Conditions
[ 9] Environmental Protection Studies 
1.3 Planning
[10] Basics of Planning
[11] Tunnel Locations 
[12] Tunnel Horizontal and Longitudinal Alignments 
[13] Tunnel Structure and Shape
[14] Inner Section
[15] Selection of Construction Method
[16] Appurtenant Tunnel Facilities 
[17] Environmental Protection Measures
[18] Project Scheduling
[19] Observations, Investigations, Measurements and Work Records
[20] Maintenance and Management

2. TUNNEL DESIGN
2.1 General Provisions
[21] Design Objectives
[22] Design Documents 
2.2 Basic Elements of Design
[23] General Considerations
[24] Design Life
[26] Limit States Considered in Performance Verification
[27] Safety Factors
[28] Modification Factors
2.3 Loads
[29] General Considerations 
[30] Load Characteristic Values 
[31] Load Factors
[32] Types and Classifications of Loads 
[33] Self-weight
[34] Surcharge on Ground Surface
[35] Overburden Load
[36] Earth and Water Pressures, or Lateral Pressure
[37] Uplift Pressure
[38] Loads inside Tunnel
[39] Effects of Temperature Change and Influences of Drying Shrinkage 
[40] Loads during Construction 
[41] Influences of Ground Movement
[42] Other Loads 
[43] Combination of Design Loads
2.4 Materials and Design Values
[44] General Considerations 
[45] Design Values of Concrete
[46] Design Values of Steels
2.5 Analysis Model and Calculation of Response Values
[47] Structural Analysis Model
[48] Modeling Member Characteristics
[49] Modeling Ground
[50] Calculation of the Response Value 
2.6 Verification of Safely
[51] General Considerations
[52] Examination of Safety Against Flexural Moment and Axial Force
[53] Examination of Safety Against Shear Force
[54] Examination of Safety Against Torsion
[55] Examination of Safety Against Fatigue
[56] Examination of Body Stability
2.7 Verification of Serviceability
[57] General Considerations 
[58] Calculating Stress
[59] Stress Limiting Values
[60] Examination of Cracking
[61] Examination of Displacement and Deformation 
[62] Examination of Vibration
2.8 Verification of Durability
[63] General Considerations 
[64] Examination of Steel Corrosion
[65] Examination of Deterioration of Concrete 
2.9 Examination of Earthquake Resistance
2.9.1 Fundamentals of Seismic Design
[66] Fundamentals of Seismic Design for Cut-and-Cover Tunnels 
[67] Earthquake Motion Assumed in Design 
[68] Seismic Performance of Structure 
[69] Planning Seismic-Proof Structures in Cut-and-Cover Tunnels 
[70] Seismic Design Procedure
2.9.2 Seismic Loads
[71] Loads that Must be Considered
[72] Design Seismic Motion
2.9.3 Calculation of Response Value and Analysis Model
[73] General Considerations 
[74] Calculation of Response Value in Transverse Direction
[75] Calculation of Response Value in Longitudinal Direction 
[76] Modeling of Ground and Tunnel 
2.9.4 Verification of Seismic Performance
[77] General Considerations 
[78] Verification of Damage to Members 
[79] Safety Factors
[80] Calculation of Limiting Values
[81] Verification of Stability Against Liquefaction
2.10 Design of Members
[82] Beams 
[83] Columns 
[84] Slabs 
[85] Walls
[86] Arches
[87] Precast Concrete 
2.11 Structural Details
2.11.1 Structural Details of Tunnels
[88] Structural Details of Tunnel Bodies
[89] Structural Details of Tunnel Joints
2.11.2 General Structural Details of Members
[90] General Structural Details 
[91] Member Structural Details
2.11.3 Structural Details for Seismic Performance
[92] General Considerations 
[93] Axial Reinforcement
[94] Transverse Reinforcement
[95] Member Joints
[96] Members Subject to In-Plane Shear Force 
[97] Steel-Framed Reinforced Concrete
[98] Verification through Experiment 
2.12 Design for Using Diaphragm Walls as Permanent Walls
2.12.1 General Points in Regard to Plan and Design
[99] General Considerations 
[100] Selection of Structural System 
[101] Loads 
2.12.2 Design of Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Walls
[102] Structural Analysis
[103] Examination of Ultimate Limit State
[104] Examination of Serviceability Limit State
[105] Design of Joints between Slab and Side Wall
[106] Structural Details
2.12.3 Design of Steel Diaphragm Walls
[107] Structural Analysis
[108] Examination of Ultimate Limit State
[109] Examination of Serviceability Limit State
[110] Design of Joint between Slabs and Side Wall
[111] Structural Details
2.13 Design of Shaft
[112] General Considerations
[113] Loads 
[114] Structural Analysis
[115] Structural Details

3. DESIGNING TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
3.1 General Provisions
[116] Scope of Application 
[117] Design Fundamentals 
[118] Types of Loads 
[119] Dead Loads
[120] Live Loads
[121] Impact
[122] General Approach to Lateral Pressure
[123] Lateral Pressures Used in Conventional Calculation Method 
[124] Lateral Pressures Used in the Beam-Spring Model
[125] Other Loads 
3.3 Materials and Allowable Stresses
[126] Materials
[127] Determining Allowable Stresses
[128] Allowable Stresses for Steels 
[129] Allowable Stresses for Concrete, etc
[130] Allowable Stresses for Wood
3.4 Road Decking
[131] Design of Road-Decking Panels
[132] Design of Road-Decking Beams 
[133] Design of Beam Support Members 
3.5 Earth-retaining Systems
[134] General Considerations
[135] Design of Earth-retaining Systems
[136] Stability of Bottom of Excavation
[137] Calculation of Penetration Depth
[138] Conventional Calculation Method for Earth-retaining Wall Stress 
[139] Calculation of Stresses and Deformation of Earth-retaining Walls according to the

Beam-Spring Model 
[140] Stress Calculation of Cantilever Earth-retaining Walls 
[141] Design of Waling
[142] Design of Struts 
[143] Design of Angle Braces
[144] Design of Ground Anchors Used for Temporary Retaining Works 
[145] Bearing Capacities of Earth-retaining Walls and Intermediate Piles
[146] Examining Effects of Earth-retaining System on Surrounding Ground and Structures 
[147] Design of Shaft Retaining Systems that Use Diaphragm Walls 
3.6 Auxiliary Methods Used in Excavation
[148] General Considerations
[149] Selection of Auxiliary Methods
[150] Design of Auxiliary Methods 

4. CNSTRUCTION
4.1 General Provisions
[151] Construction Plan
[152] Change of Construction Method
4.2 Surveying
[153] General Considerations 
[154] Surveying during Construction Work
4.3 Earth-retaining Walls
4.3.1 Handling of Obstacles and Trench Excavation/ Temporary Decking
[155] General Considerations
[156] Handling of Obstacles 
[157] Trench Excavation and Temporary Decking
4.3.2 Building Retaining Walls with Steel Piles, Steel Sheet Piles and Steel Pipe Sheet Piles
[158] General Considerations 
[159] Construction Equipment
[160] Driving and Pitching Steel Piles
[161] Driving and Jacking Steel Sheet Piles 
[162] Driving and Bored Jacking of Steel Pipe Sheet Piles
4.3.3 Single-Axis Cast-in-Place Pile Diaphragm Walls
[163] General Considerations 
[164] Construction Equipment
[165] Construction 
4.3.4 Soil-Cement Mixing Walls
[166] General Considerations 
[167] Construction Equipment
[168] Construction 
4.3.5 Diaphragm Walls Using Stabilizing Slurry
[169] General Considerations 
[170] Excavators
[171] Excavation
[172] Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Walls
[173] Steel Diaphragm Walls
[174] Stabilizing Diaphragm Walls with Solidified Slurry
[175] Treatment of Stabilizing Slurry
4.4 Road Decking
[176] General Considerations
[177] Attachment of Beam Support Members
[178] Demolition of Pavement
[179] Erection of Deck Beams and Cover Plates
[180] Maintenance of Road Decking
4.5 Excavation
[181] General Considerations
[182] Excavators and Other Equipment
[183] Excavation
[184] Wood Lagging
[185] Discontinuous Portions of Earth-retaining Walls
[186] Reinforcement of Intermediate Piles during Excavation
[187] Drainage in Tunnel 
[188] Treatment of Excavated Soil
[189] Safety
4.6 Earth-retaining Wall Support
[190] General Considerations
[191] Installation and Removal of Earth-retaining Wall Support
[192] Waling and Struts 
[193] Ground Anchors for Earth-retaining Wall Support
[194] Inspection of Earth-retaining Wall Support
4.7 Waterproofing
[195] General Considerations
[196] Sheet Membrane Waterproofing
[197] Membrane Coating Waterproofing (Paint Film)
[198] Bentonite Panels (Mat Waterproofing)
[199] Other Waterproofing
[200] Base for Waterproofing
[201] Protection of Waterproofing Membrane
[202] Waterproofing of Joints 
4.8 Tunnel Main Structures
[203] General Considerations
[204] Foundation Preparation
[205] Reinforcing Bars
[206] Concrete Forms and Supports
[207] Concrete Placement and Curing 
[208] Joint Treatment
4.9 Backfilling
[209] General Considerations 
[210] Backfilling Operations 
4.10 Road Deck Removal and Road Surface Restoration
[211] General Considerations 
[212] Removing Road Decks
[213] Restoration of Road Surfaces
4.11 Removing Earth-retaining Walls and Intermediate Piles
[214] General Considerations 
[215] Removing Soldier Piles and Steel Sheet Piles
[216] Removing Intermediate Piles
4.12 Protecting Underground Utilities
[217] General Considerations 
[218] Safety Measures Prior to Tunnel Construction
[219] Safety Measures during Excavation 
[220] Safety Measures when Backfilling
[221] Maintenance and Inspections 
4.13 Auxiliary Methods
[222] General Considerations
[223] Dewatering Method
[224] Quicklime Pile Method
[225] Deep Mixing Method 
[226] Chemical Grouting Method
[227] Ground Freezing Method
4.14 Working in the Vicinity of Other Structures
[228] General Considerations
[229] Construction Methods Adopted as Countermeasures
4.15 Underpinning
[230] General Considerations
[231] Temporary and Permanent Support
4.16 Partial Excavation Method
[232] General Considerations
[233] Trench Cut Method and Island Process
[234] Top-down Construction 
4.17 Shaft
[235] General Considerations
[236] Shaft Construction
4.18 Monitoring and Instrumentation
[237] General Considerations
[238] Visual Inspections
[239] Measurements
[240] Reflecting Visual Inspection and Measurement Data in Design and Construction 
4.19 Construction Management
[241] Schedule Control 
[242] Quality Control
[243] Work Control
4.20 Safety and Health Control
[244] General Considerations
[245] Creating Good Working Environment
[246] Accident Prevention Program
[247] Emergency Measures
4.21 Environmental Protection Measures
[248] General Considerations
[249] Prevention of Noise and Vibration 
[250] Preventing Ground Settlement, Drawing Down Water Levels and Impediments to Groundwater Flow
[251] Preventing Water and Soil Pollution
[252] Preventing of Flying Dust 
[253] Preventing Obstruction of Traffic
[254] Treatment of Construction By-Products

APPENDIX
2-1 Reference on Road Traffic Load
2-2 Reference on the Design Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction
2-3 Reference on the Calculation Method for Ground Deformation during an Earthquake 
2-4 Reference on Use of Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Walls as Main Body
2-5 Reference on Modeling Connection of Shaft with Tunnel
2-6 Reference on Grashof-Rankine Method

INDEX